The Effects of The Developments in Europe And The Ottoman Empire in The Process Leading to The Industrial Revolution on The Establishment of The Tulumba Ocağı

Abstract

In England, where the industrial revolution, one of the most important processes in human history, took place, social, economic and political developments were experienced in the 17th and 18th centuries while reaching this stage. Wars between European states and England's internal turmoil created a dynamic in the process leading to the industrial revolution. European states and societies started to shape the modern state structure by keeping up with the changing age and making reforms in every field. While these developments were taking place in the West, in the Ottoman Empire, there was a struggle for the preservation of the existing structure rather than a transformation. With this understanding, traditional methods have been preserved even in agriculture, which constitutes a large part of its economy. Rather than war spoils and taxes taken from conquered places, which are another major income denominator, it is no longer able to provide benefits at the desired level due to the fact that it has reached its natural borders in terms of geography. The development of machines that provide more production with less labor and the colonial wealth that they brought to their countries from all over the world with geographical discoveries also caused the Ottoman Empire to be left behind as a capital accumulation. However, by reacting to the events in Europe, in the period of Ahmed III, innovations were made in the western sense for the first time, and regulations were made in the economy and social life. One of the main innovations is the establishment of the Tulumba Ocağı. Depending on the conditions of the period, the developments in Europe and Istanbul paved the way for the birth of an institution.